IRS got zip from Zip, so Debra Ray doesn’t have to pay. That’s the good news from Judge Buch, who seems to think the United States Attorney for the Central District of Illinois is a District Attorney (a District Attorney is a State official, Judge), telling Deb that she doesn’t owe interest on her civil restitution, in Debra J. Ray, Docket No. 12358-16L, filed 12/22/17.

Deb took a Section 7206 false return fall, and USDCCDIL hit her for $7K in restitution, with a $250 credit for sums previously paid. Deb paid up timely, and the US Attorney filed a satisfaction of judgment.

IRS came looking for interest, got the entire payment wrongly applied, straightened it out (more or less), but still wanted interest. After working with collections, Deb went to Appeals. There, the AO said no managerial or ministerial delay, so no abatement.

Deb petitions, but in the meantime the Philosopher-Judge, Judge Lauber, hands down the case of Zipora Klein. For the skinny on that one, see my blogpost “IRS Gets Zip,” 10/3/17.

First, scope of review. “Here, Ms. Ray has not had a prior opportunity to dispute the amount of restitution that remains due, as such we review de novo. Although Ms. Ray has continuously argued that she paid the full amount of the restitution, neither the appeals officer nor the settlement officer addressed the issue. We will address it here.” Order, at p. 5.

And the satisfaction of judgment from the miscalled DA estops IRS from claiming any part of the restitution wasn’t paid.

In the immortal words of Izzy Baline, “I just got an invitation through the mails.” It isn’t formal (business attire), and it isn’t this evening (no, it’s in March). It’s the Section 7470A Tango Charlie Juliet, the upcoming Tax Court Judicial Conference.

So I hope to see as many of my readers as can make it to “that toddlin'” town on the shores of Lake Michigan. Alas, if you’re an employee I can’t assure you it’s deductible.

While, unlike Fred Fisher, I also can’t guarantee “you’ll have the time, the time of your life,” we’ll swap some war stories, learn a lot and have fun.

In the days of my youth, the Bad Old Days deservedly long gone by, we had a lengthy lacuna at the end of each closing, while some para or title closer wrested multiple forests’ worth of copies out of a single-purpose photocopier, whose feeders would jam or whose cartridges would die or both. We’d while away the time telling anecdotes unfit for repetition on a high-class blog meant for family reading.

I was reminded of one yesterday evening, as Judge Holmes unleashed a barrage of designated hitters, all evoking the Creature From the Graev, the Section 6751(b) Boss Hoss penalty signoff. And Judge Buch has a bunch today. Check ‘em out. Here’s one at random, Triumph Mixed Use Investments III, LLC, Fox Ridge Investments, LLC, Tax  Matters Partner, Docket No. 20412-14, filed 12/21/17.

Whether its members stand with the majority, the concurrence or the dissent, the Tax Court Judges’ union seem now to unite in dissing 2 Cir’s diss of ex-Ch J Michael B (“Iron Mike”) Thornton’s dictionary chaw, which gave rise to the Chai principle and the current Graev corollary. IRS must produce Boss Hoss signoffs for dozens, if not hundreds, of cases. Any case where there was a penalty imposed, whether before or after opinion rendered, whether or not decision entered, and even if entered, where the time to move for a Rule 161 or Rule 162 hasn’t run, or when the time to appeal hasn’t expired (and the Circuit Courts decide that), as long as the Boss Hoss wasn’t up front and personal, records reopen like the graves on The Last Day, and the Boss Hosses must do a Lazarus and come forth.

The Great Dissenter, now a candidate for the cognomen The Great Concurrer, maybe, with his ring of slain partitive genitives at his feet, stands forth, his giant kochleffel (please pardon an arcane technical term) in hand, stirring silt like it’s the first act of The Scottish Play, takes a bow.

He warned all y’all yesterday (see my blogpost “Stir, Baby, Stir – That Silt,” 12/20/17), that by overturning ex-Ch J Iron Mike’s chew-up across the board, rather than just deferring Golsen-wise to 2 Cir in Graev as just another case of “New York values,” ex-Ch J Iron Mike and the majority were opening a Pandora’s cliché.

Well, whether the concurrers are dissing the majority, the dissenters dissing the majority and the concurrers, and the majority dissing all and sundry, one thing is for sure.

Section 6751(b) is a boobytrap in a minefield. And 2 Cir went blundering into the middle.

The joke? I cannot repeat it, but involves a nasty little boy in the heart of Rome and exceedingly exalted religious figure; the only words of the four-word punchline I can repeat are “me? You!”

I don’t fault The Jersey Boys for starting this Pythonesque circus; Congress enacted this monstrosity, and will have to correct it in one of the half-dozen or so technical correction acts that must follow their latest enactment. The Jersey Boys had a client and a case to win, “a bumping pitch and a blinding light and the last man in.” They had what looked like a winning argument, and it still might be if 2 Cir stops IRS’ Big Daddy Lipscomb move with the three (count ‘em, three) Boss Hosses.

I expect plenty more blogfodder in my Christmas stocking.

Means Paying the Tax

Unrelated Business Income Tax levels the playing field between the exempts and the regulars. And Judge Lauber has the steamroller rolling along in New Jersey Council of Teaching Hospitals, 149 T. C. 22, filed 12/20/17.

It’s a bad day for the Garden Staters, as The Jersey Boys lost a big one, and the Counciler’s alliances with a debt collector and credit-card processor, and a group marketer, render the Counciler’s seven-figure fees taxable at corporate rates.

Neither debt collector nor group marketer paid to use the trademarks, trade dress, regalia, or service marks of the Councilers. Though a link on the Counciler’s website led their members to said collector and marketer, the Councilers have no record what their members (all 501(c)(3)s like themselves) saved or how their members’ charitable ends were thereby served.

Although the Councilers gave the debt collector the contact info for their members’ high commands, that info was available on the public portion of the Counciler’s website to anyone with Google and  a smartphone.

No use of IP, so no 512(b)(2) “royalty” out. Draft those outside-provider agreements carefully, exempt counsel. Make sure they’re paying to use your marks and brands.

Also not “primarily for convenience of members.” Section 513(a)(2) doesn’t help, again because no records, and members could use the marketer on their own, without going through the Counciler’s website or even telling the Councilers that they were going it alone. The magic word “primarily” for benefit of members therefore doesn’t apply.

Raising money for charitable purposes, though necessary, doesn’t exempt every means of doing so from tax.

Graev matters are front-and-center today, as The Jersey Boys are back at the Graev site (but losing) in Lawrence G. Graev and Lorna Graev, 149 T. C. 23, filed 12/20/17, with ex-Ch J (and Dictionarian Extraordinaire) Michael B (“Iron Mike”) Thornton extending the reach of Chai west of the Hudson to the remotest boundaries of USA jurisdiction (according to Judge Holmes, now contending for the additional title of The Great Concurrer, Maybe).

Background is simple enough. In addition to the 20% chop on the noncash charitable contribution writeoff, IRS amended its answer to lay the 20% chop on the cash Larry and Lorna paid the architectural trustees of their fancy façade.

The Jersey Boys played the Section 6751(b) Boss Hoss gambit. Larry and Lorna lost below, then came 2 Cir with its overrule in Chai, which Tax Court grafted on to Graev. Then back on 3/31/17, ex-Ch J Iron Mike vacated the loss per Chai, and ordered supplemental briefing.

Well, now ex-Ch J Iron Mike embraces Chai, 2 Cir version, with the fervor of the convert. Gotta be Boss Hoss-approved before anything penitential, whether in 2 Cir or “to every living heart and hearthstone all over this broad land.”

Except it turns out for Larry and Lorna that IRS bore successfully the burden of production and the burden of proof (notwithstanding the language of Section 7491(c) that IRS only has burden of production) as imposed by 2 Cir, by the usual preponderance of evidence, because a General Attorney (as opposed to an Attorney General) in the Area Counsel’s Office got a signoff from the Associate Area Counsel, who was his boss. And then a Tech Services type prepared the final SNOD, with signoff from Tech Serv Territory Manager.

Problem: Who did what? Who was authorized to do what? What was the “initial determination”? Was it a “determination” (final, conclusive) or a recommendation (attorney’s advice on the law)? When was it made, if at all? If made, was it timely per Section 6751(b)? Judge Buch, dissenting, with that Obliging Jurist Judge David Gustafson undoubtedly in on the tackle, makes mincemeat of what was the “initial determination” to impose the penalty. With the RA, the RA’s Group Manager (Boss Hoss No. 1), the General Attorney and the AAC (Boss Hoss No. 2), the Tech Server and the Territorialist (Boss Hoss No. 3) all scrapping in the corner, the immortal words of the late great Louis Francis Costello are heard once again: “Who’s on first?”

But this is merely prelude. Into the pile-up leaps The Great Dissenter, Master Silt-Stirrer and candidate for the title of Great Concurrer, Maybe, eschewing his patented reverse judicial benchslap (see my blogpost “The Great Dissenter – Part Deux,” 2/15/12).

Judge Holmes suggests that, whether the majority got the law right in the warped and twisted logic of 2 Cir, ex-Ch J Iron Mike, Current Ch J L Paige (“Iron Fist”) Marvel and the rest should just have said “We bow to Golsen, no stip to appeal anywhere else, Larry and Lorna and their high-priced townhouse are all in Nueva Yorka, so the Section 6751(b) Boss Hoss has to be prior to whatever 2 Cir says, in NY, CT and VT. The other dozen Federal Circuits are on their own, and so are we.”

But no. Ex-ch J Iron Mike says “(H)aving considered the opinion of the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit in Chai, and in the interest of repose and uniformity on an issue that touches many cases before us, we reverse those portions of Graev II which held that it was premature to consider section 6751(b) issues in this deficiency proceeding.” 149 T. C. 23, at p. 14.

Oh brother, says Judge Holmes, you tried to bring peace, but like a much more exalted Authority you have brought not peace, but a sword. Section 6751(b) is a statutory one-off, a hapax legomenon as that classicist Judge Lauber and that Master of Tohubohu Judge Holmes put it. It’s intended to keep lower-level RAs and Examination types from bludgeoning settlements out of terrified taxpayers by threatening chops.

But it doesn’t work. It speaks of “assessments,” but the vast majority of those happen automatically, nay, even electronically. Except where IRC says there must be a pre-assessment notice (primarily SNODs, and not even all of those; remember jeopardy assessments), assessments don’t need any advance warning to the taxpayer. And SNODs get reviewed de novo; the past isn’t even prologue. Mox nix what happened at Examination or anywhere else prepetition. Except now it does.

Besides, the greatest majority of low-level IRS RAs and Exam types are below the radar when it comes to bludgeoning. There never is a deficiency most times. What Tax Court don’t see, Tax Court can’t fix.

Judge Holmes has a bushelbasketful of statistics to provide the Section 6751(b) is much more honored in the breach than in th’ cliché.

And there are tons of Tax Court cases, both pending, posttrial but no opinion issued, Rule 155 beancounts or orders settled on notice, where the inexpertly drafted language of Congress, as mansplained by 2 Cir, will wreak havoc if left unchecked by the cool, clear review of another CCA.

Judge Posner, where are you?

Read Judge Holmes’ concurrence. There isn’t a partitive genitive in sight, but he lays out imaginary horribles in brigade strength. Or maybe not so imaginary.

Anyway, the Jersey Boys lost this one. But the silt that they stirred, as churned by Judges Buch, Gustafson and Holmes, will keep them busy for years.

And it’s starting now. Check out the designated hitters Judge Holmes unleashes today.

The proposed Federal tax legislation has passed the House and is expected to pass the Senate momentarily. My policy views are expressed elsewhere.

But this great overhaul of the IRC recalls an anecdote I heard many years ago. The venue was alleged to be Kentucky, the date much more than a century ago.

In those days no specific legal education was required, and there was no Bar examination. A candidate presented himself (ladies, this was in The Bad Old Days) to the County Judge for oral examination.

Our aspirant is a young, fresh-faced fellow straight from behind the plough. The examiner, an elderly, seasoned trial lawyer with a multi-decade tenure on the Bench.

“Young feller, do y’all know Coke’s Institutes?” It was pronounced “cook.”

“Jedge, I can cook up a pretty good set o’ flapjacks.”

A judicial sigh.

“Sir, do y’all know Blackstone’s Commentaries?”

“Judge, Black who?”

Another judicial sigh.

“Young man, what do you know about the law?”

“Waaaal, Jedge, I’ve read those there books The Kentucky Revised Statutes, an’ I think I got most of ‘em.”

“Young man, next week the Legislature meets, and they’re gonna repeal ever’ dam’ thing you know.”

The complexities and anfractuosities, to say nothing of the “jumbled and wrinkled topography” (see my blogpost “Well-Settled – No Deduction – Part Deux,” 11/27/12) of tax law sometimes leads astray even The Great Dissenter, a/k/a The Judge Who Writes Like a Human Being, s/a/k/a The Implacable, Inveterate, Incontrovertible, Ineluctable, Ineffable, Indefatigable, Incomparable and Illustrious Foe of the Partitive Genitive, Old China Hand and Master Silt Stirrer, Judge Mark V. Holmes.

Two designated hitters to set things right today.

First, our old chum Steven M. Gaggero, he of my blogpost “It Was a Real Sale,” 11/29/12. But it turns out Judge Holmes’ prosy but carefully-crafted analysis with tables got the math wrong.

Steve’s basis for the $3 million he paid his controlled C Corp BCC for the improvements they made, when he sold BCC its 30% interest, doesn’t get credited to Steve on the disposition of the partial interest to BCC, but does get credited on the sale to the Belgian chemist.

Steve, ever clever, wanted a double dip. You remember Steve’s profound knowledge of tax law, and how he fed his attorney questions on the trial. No go, Steve, but a Taishoff “Good Try” for your Christmas stocking.

So Judge Holmes has to re-do the arithmetic, which he does. And then he has to send Steve and IRS back to do yet another Rule 155 beancount.

Basis wonks, you’ll love Steven M. Gaggero, Docket No. 21378-03, filed 12/19/17.

Next edit job is James E. Houston & Donna C.  Houston, Docket No. 1445-06L, filed 12/19/17. There was an order and decision back in April that I didn’t blog, but it was another phony partnership that didn’t rate a T. C. Memo.

Judge Holmes got the tax-motivated interest rate wrong. …the punitive interest as 120% instead of what the Code itself said; i.e., 120% ‘of the underpayment rate,” I.R.C. § 6621(c)(1) (repealed 1989).” Order, at p. 1.

It must have been a bad day, because Judge Holmes also spoke of “references to ‘sham partnership’ instead of ‘sham partnership transactions.’” Order, at p. 1.

Judge Holmes graciously acknowledges the corrections. “The Court is grateful for the parties’ noticing this failure of quality control in its proofreading and will make these corrections.” Order, at p. 1.

But of course Jim and Donna want more.

“Petitioners’ more substantive argument is that the Court overlooked a distinction between transactions that lack economic substance and those that both lack economic substance and are shams. (And by ‘shams’ petitioners mean have a ‘lack of profit motive or business purpose.’) Petitioners then argue that a consequence of this is that it is impossible to conclude that the partnership-level decisions that triggered these partner-level proceedings contained definitive determinations that the challenged partnership transactions were tax motivated and thus subject to the punitive interest rate.” Order, at pp. 1-2.

Jim and Donna claim there’s a difference, that lack of business purpose doesn’t necessarily mean the transaction is a sham. Every sham transaction lacks business purpose, but not every transaction lacking business purpose is a sham.

“The problem for the Houstons is that their case remains indistinguishable from Duffle v. United States, 600 F.3d 362 (5th Cir. 2010), and the Fifth Circuit in Duffle held that the same language in the decision documents in that case amounted to a determination that the challenged transactions described in those decisions were tax-motivated transactions subject to I.R.C. § 6621(c). Underlying their argument, by contrast, is the Houstons’ insistence that there is a difference between a statement that ‘the transaction lacks economic substance’ and a statement that ‘the transaction is a sham. The Houstons then extend their argument into one about whether the absence of impure thoughts (i.e., a subjective intent to avoid tax) is enough to avoid a transaction’s characterization as a sham.” Order, at p. 2.

But 5 Cir has held since Duffie that motivation plays no part, and Judge Holmes sees “no daylight” between the two.

Another Taishoff “Good Try.”

The blogger who fishes in the Tax Court waters finds many varieties: there are the rounders, protesters, caught-in-the-headlighters, the meritorious, the dilatory, the inspired amateurs and the unglued professionals. One thing that rarely happens is an utterly dull day.

Here’s Judge Nega, who had thought he’d disposed of Courtland L. Logue, Jr., 2017 T. C. Memo. 234, filed 11/27/17, dealing with an oral motion made earlier in the case.

For the disposition of the case, see my blogpost “England, Texas, Who Cares?” 11/27/17.

Here’s the oral motion, Courtland L. Logue, Jr., Docket No. 29096-15, filed 12/18/18, for which I give Courtland a Taishoff “Good Try,” Third class.

“…petitioner’s Oral Motion to Take Judicial Notice that a Person has to be Alive to be Divorced is denied as moot.” Order, at p. 1.

Steve Pemberton, 2017 T. C. Sum. Op. 91, filed 12/18/17, is definitely “a man of St. John’s”, that is, St. John’s College, Oxford University. But I cannot include the remainder of the famous limerick in a blogpost meant for family reading.

Steve was taking college courses in a local community college back in the USA whilst still in high school, and though he transferred to a four-year never received a degree therefrom.

Instead, Steve hopped the Pond and ran up a bunch of charges on his St. John’s “battel statement” in pursuit of his UK BA in jurisprudence which he wants to deduct as educational expenses for his tutoring employment and self-employment occupations.

Ex-CSTJ Panuthos explains the “battel statement.” “It appears that ‘battel statements’ is a term used by St. John’s for billing statements.” 2017 T. C. Sum. Op. 91, at p. 7. Footnote 8.

Steve missed the cut for a UK work visa to pursue his legal career, but he saved every scrap of paper to prove his jurisprudential batteling. And man, I remember law school on this side of the Atlantic: “battle” doesn’t begin to describe it.

Steve came back to the USA and tutored, both freelance and as an employee. “Petitioner provided tutoring services for students preparing for the following examinations: (1) SAT exam; (2) ACT exam; (3) graduate record examination (GRE); (4) graduate management admission test (GMAT); (5) law school admission test (LSAT); and (6) advanced placement (AP) exams in the subjects of history and economics.” 2017 T. C. Sum. Op. 91, at pp. 4-5.

Steve never told his employers that he had the UK BA.

Now while educational expenses incurred to sharpen one’s skills are deductible, they must be incurred because appropriate or helpful, and reasonable in amount. Steve claimed that abstract reasoning was necessary for the exams for which he was tutoring.

“Petitioner has neither asserted nor established that obtaining a jurisprudence degree in England is of common or frequent occurrence within either the test preparation tutoring industry or the test proctoring industry, and thus has not established that the expense is reasonable.

“Further, to the extent that petitioner’s jurisprudence degree may have been helpful for his work as a tutor, he has not met the burden of proving that the education expenses were reasonable in relation to their purpose.  Petitioner earned approximately $48,000 in income as a tutor in [year at issue] and seeks to deduct $31,812 in education expenses.  Petitioner asserts that critical reasoning skills relate to the LSAT and GMAT exams, but it is unclear how much of his time was spent tutoring students for those two exams compared to the other five exams.”  2017 T. C. Sum. Op. 91, at pp. 11-12. (Citations and footnotes omitted).

If Steve needed courses in abstract reasoning, he could have taken them at an onshore institution, like the community college or the four-year.

Steve strikes out on his claim for the American Opportunity tax credit, because he never got a post-secondary degree. He transferred from the community college to the four-year, but never got his degree, so his Yank at Oxford gambit craters.

But even IRS concedes he might get the Lifetime Learning Credit.

“The Lifetime Learning Credit is less restrictive, providing credit not only for
courses that are part of a postsecondary course of study but also for courses taken
to acquire or improve an eligible student’s job skills. Sec. 25A(c)(2)(B). The
Lifetime Learning Credit provides a credit equal to 20% of a taxpayer’s first
$10,000 in eligible tuition and related expenses for each tax year after 2002. Id.
para. (1). The statute defines ‘qualified tuition and related expenses’ to include
tuition and fees at an eligible educational institution that the taxpayer, the
taxpayer’s spouse, or the taxpayer’s dependent attends, as well as course materials. Id. subsecs. (f)(1), (i)(3). Unlike the American Opportunity Credit, the Lifetime Learning Credit is not limited as ‘to the number of taxable years that a taxpayer
may claim * * * [it] with respect to any student.’ Sec. 1.25A-4(b), Income Tax
Regs.

“Petitioner’s courses at St. John’s were part of a postsecondary course of
study. We find that petitioner paid the following qualified tuition and related
expenses to St. John’s in 2013: (1) the “College Fee …” of £6,465 and (2) the “University Fee …” of £13,860.15 Therefore, we conclude that petitioner is entitled to a Lifetime Learning Credit equal to 20% of the first $10,000 in eligible tuition and related expenses he paid in 2013. See sec. 25A(c), (f)(1), (i)(3); sec. 1.25A-4(b), Income Tax Regs.” 2017 T. C. Memo. 91. at pp. 17-18. (Footnote omitted, but it says neither Steve nor IRS provided exchange rate for the year at issue  for GBP-to-USD, so Rule 155.).

Steve had great records, and those battel statements must have wowed ex-CSTJ Panuthos. Steve, notwithstanding his UK law degree, wasn’t a tax expert. So Steve ducks both the negligence and the five-and-ten chops.

It helps if you’re a man of St. John’s.

It hurts me to admit defeat. Whether I’m browsing through a stack of losing tickets at the track (and cursing in each case the owner, trainer, stablehands, track announcer, the jockey and the horse he rode in on), or reading an opinion where my client goes down trailing smoke and flames, or getting trounced in a Facebook or Internet joust, whether I lost money or not, defeat smarts, hurts and stings.

Well, remember when that august body, the American Bar Association Tax Section, to which I do not belong, laid a whuppin’ on me two years back? No? Well, y’all’d best believe I do. Howbeit, see my blogpost “Same Time, Next Year,” 3/3/17.

I wanted Tax Court to add a line to Form 5, Request for Place of Trial, to state any relationship between petitioners’ residence, place of business, location of witnesses, or something, to the place of trial; my suggestion was an attempt to counter a dodge du jour, wherein requests for off-the-wall places of trial were used to stall. The ABA Sectionals said it would confuse the poor self-representeds.

Well, maybe they were right.

Even attorneys can’t deal with a two-question form, to which the answer to both questions is “None” in 98% of the cases coming to Tax Court. I mean Form 6, Ownership Disclosure Statement.

Here’s Ch J L Paige (“Iron Fist”) Marvel, thinly disguising her impatience, in CCPC, Inc. a.k.a. Compassionate Care Patients Collective, Docket No. 21229-17, filed 12/15/17.

“…the Court directed petitioner to file an Ownership Disclosure Statement on or before November 27, 2017. To date, no such statement has been received by the Court, despite petitioner being represented by counsel.” Order, at p. 1.

Tax Court has about as simple a set of forms as any court I know. Yet the very sight of even the simplest of the simple produces an unparalleled intellectual paralysis even in those learned in the law. The number of cases that get tossed for non-filing, or defective or incomplete filing, of Form 6, is incredible.

I surrender, ABA Tax Sectionals. You win.