What role does guilty knowledge play in a voidable (fraudulent) transaction? My colleague, Joel E. Miller, Esq., canvassed the issue extensively, and decided that the term “fraudulent conveyance” was a misnomer. The proper nomenclature is “voidable conveyance,” as it is the creditor(s) that is the injured party. The transferor may have guilty knowledge; the transferee may be pure as the driven cliché, but the creditor(s) may still avoid the transaction and grab the boodle.
Where the issue gets messy is where the transferee is really in cahoots with, or a stooge for, the transferor. This is the Billyhawk story. I’ve blogged the Billyhawk story extensively, but for some backstory, see my blogpost “Game Ends In No Score,” 5/30/12.
Well, today Judge Lauber, besieged by eight (count ‘em, eight) lawyers, three for the taxpayer and five for IRS, is dealing with Michael A. Tricarichi, Transferee, 2015 T. C. Memo. 201, filed 10/14/15. Plenty of knowledge here.
Mike was a cellphone starter-upper who formed a C Corp because he expected more shareholders than S Corpery would allow, except he was a solo and won a big antitrust lawsuit against Big Telecom. This means double taxation, and a major hit to Mike’s takeaway from the Big Telecomers.
So his trusty lawyers get our old chums MidCoast to gin up one of their MidCo deals, with the usual Dutch lender who is fully cash-collateralized on Day One, and a Cayman Islands phony thrown in. Trusty lawyers get reps and warranties, but of course none of these is honored, either in the breach or the observance.
And Mike asks PwC for an opinion, doctoring their retainer letter, which doesn’t go over either with PwC or Judge Lauber.
Mike’s a Buckeye, so Judge Lauber hits the Ohio Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act. Remember, all Section 6901 does is give IRS an accelerated shot at collecting if State law would treat IRS as any creditor of the transferor.
There is an actual fraud provision in Ohio State law, plus three constructive fraud provisions, and IRS claims Mike hit the whole cycle.
Mike claims there was no transfer from his C Corp, as the cash involved came from the Dutch loan. But the “loan” was an in-and-out in one day, and was fully collateralized. In any case, the fee the Dutch got was way more than interest, and was a fee for facilitating the deal.
The loan was a sham.
And Mike had plenty of guilty knowledge. “Finding that a person had constructive knowledge does not require that he have actual knowledge of the plan’s minute details. It is sufficient if, under the totality of the surrounding circumstances, he ‘should have known’ about the tax-avoidance scheme.” 2015 T. C. Memo. 201, at p. 47 (Citation omitted).
And ordinary diligence plays a role in constructive knowledge. You can’t turn a blind eye to something that looks fishy. Striking the sentence in the PwC retainer that would have required Mike to state he wasn’t engaging in a listed transaction before he sent the signed retainer back to PwC shows Mike knew he wasn’t on the up-and-up.
And the shill insisted Mike strip his C Corp of every asset but cash before doing the shenanigans. “Petitioner was a sophisticated entrepreneur who had built a company and knew how to value a business. It should have provoked tremendous skepticism to discover that [the shill] was willing to pay a 47% premium to acquire cash, which by definition cannot be worth more than its face value.” 2015 T. C. Memo. 201, at pp. 50-51.
Judge Lauber comes down on the duty to inquire.
Now the shill stayed in business for some years, filing tax returns and keeping a nominal cash balance in the bank. So it wasn’t a classic bust-out, where the shill collapses immediately after doing the deal.
Judge Lauber isn’t impressed.
“At the insistence of petitioner’s lawyers, [shill] was kept in formal existence for several years. It filed tax returns; it cut checks to [MidCoast] affiliates; and it maintained a nominal cash balance. But keeping [shill] in notional existence was simply a charade designed to create a defense to the precise argument the IRS is advancing here, an argument that petitioner and his attorneys knew the IRS would advance if this Midco transaction came to its attention. Such lawyerly stratagems cannot hide the fact that [shill] had been liquidated in substance. It continued as a Potemkin village intended to deceive the IRS, just as the original was designed to fool Catherine the Great.” 2015 T. C. Memo. 201, at p. 55.
I love “lawyerly stratagems,” but only if they work. These didn’t.